Where Does Glycosis Take Place

This is a fact sheet intended for wellness professionals. For a reader-friendly overview of Magnesium, run across our consumer fact sheet on Magnesium.

Introduction

Magnesium, an abundant mineral in the body, is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a dietary supplement, and present in some medicines (such equally antacids and laxatives). Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate diverse biochemical reactions in the trunk, including poly peptide synthesis, muscle and nerve office, claret glucose control, and blood pressure regulation [i-iii]. Magnesium is required for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. Information technology contributes to the structural development of bone and is required for the synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA, and the antioxidant glutathione. Magnesium also plays a role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions beyond cell membranes, a process that is of import to nerve impulse conduction, muscle wrinkle, and normal heart rhythm [3].

An adult body contains approximately 25 g magnesium, with 50% to lx% nowadays in the basic and well-nigh of the remainder in soft tissues [4]. Less than 1% of total magnesium is in blood serum, and these levels are kept under tight control. Normal serum magnesium concentrations range between 0.75 and 0.95 millimoles (mmol)/50 [1,5]. Hypomagnesemia is defined as a serum magnesium level less than 0.75 mmol/L [6]. Magnesium homeostasis is largely controlled by the kidney, which typically excretes about 120 mg magnesium into the urine each twenty-four hour period [2]. Urinary excretion is reduced when magnesium status is depression [1].

Assessing magnesium status is difficult because virtually magnesium is inside cells or in os [3]. The most commonly used and readily bachelor method for assessing magnesium status is measurement of serum magnesium concentration, fifty-fifty though serum levels have little correlation with full body magnesium levels or concentrations in specific tissues [6]. Other methods for assessing magnesium status include measuring magnesium concentrations in erythrocytes, saliva, and urine; measuring ionized magnesium concentrations in blood, plasma, or serum; and conducting a magnesium-loading (or "tolerance") test. No single method is considered satisfactory [7]. Some experts [4] but non others [iii] consider the tolerance test (in which urinary magnesium is measured after parenteral infusion of a dose of magnesium) to be the best method to assess magnesium status in adults. To comprehensively evaluate magnesium status, both laboratory tests and a clinical assessment might be required [half-dozen].

Recommended Intakes

Intake recommendations for magnesium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed past the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [i]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used to plan and appraise nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by historic period and sexual activity, include:

Recommended Dietary Assart (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the food requirements of virtually all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to programme nutritionally adequate diets for individuals.
Acceptable Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional capability; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.
Estimated Boilerplate Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to see the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the food intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally acceptable diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to crusade adverse wellness furnishings.

Table ane lists the electric current RDAs for magnesium [ane]. For infants from nativity to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for magnesium that is equivalent to the hateful intake of magnesium in healthy, breastfed infants, with added solid foods for ages seven–12 months.

Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Magnesium [1]
Age	Male	Female	Pregnancy	Lactation
Nativity to 6 months	30 mg*	xxx mg*
7–12 months	75 mg*	75 mg*
i–3 years	80 mg	80 mg
4–8 years	130 mg	130 mg
ix–13 years	240 mg	240 mg
14–18 years	410 mg	360 mg	400 mg	360 mg
nineteen–30 years	400 mg	310 mg	350 mg	310 mg
31–fifty years	420 mg	320 mg	360 mg	320 mg
51+ years	420 mg	320 mg

*Adequate Intake (AI)

Sources of Magnesium

Nutrient

Magnesium is widely distributed in plant and animal foods and in beverages. Dark-green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, are expert sources [1,3]. In general, foods containing dietary fiber provide magnesium. Magnesium is also added to some breakfast cereals and other fortified foods. Some types of nutrient processing, such as refining grains in ways that remove the food-rich germ and bran, lower magnesium content substantially [1]. Selected food sources of magnesium are listed in Table two.

Tap, mineral, and bottled waters can also exist sources of magnesium, but the amount of magnesium in water varies past source and make (ranging from 1 mg/Fifty to more than 120 mg/L) [8].

Approximately 30% to forty% of the dietary magnesium consumed is typically captivated past the body [2,9].

Table two: Magnesium Content of Selected Foods [10]
Nutrient	Milligrams (mg) per serving	Per centum DV*
Pumpkin seeds, roasted, 1 ounce	156	37
Chia seeds, 1 ounce	111	26
Almonds, dry roasted, one ounce	eighty	xix
Spinach, boiled, ½ cup	78	xix
Cashews, dry roasted, i ounce	74	xviii
Peanuts, oil roasted, ¼ cup	63	xv
Cereal, shredded wheat, 2 large biscuits	61	15
Soymilk, plain or vanilla, i cup	61	15
Blackness beans, cooked, ½ cup	60	14
Edamame, shelled, cooked, ½ loving cup	l	12
Peanut butter, smoothen, 2 tablespoons	49	12
Potato, baked with skin, 3.five ounces	43	10
Rice, chocolate-brown, cooked, ½ cup	42	10
Yogurt, plain, low fat, viii ounces	42	x
Breakfast cereals, fortified with 10% of the DV for magnesium, 1 serving	42	10
Oatmeal, instant, 1 packet	36	nine
Kidney beans, canned, ½ cup	35	eight
Banana, 1 medium	32	8
Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked, 3 ounces	26	6
Milk, 1 cup	24–27	6
Halibut, cooked, three ounces	24	6
Raisins, ½ cup	23	v
Bread, whole wheat, 1 slice	23	5
Avocado, cubed, ½ loving cup	22	5
Chicken chest, roasted, iii ounces	22	5
Beef, ground, 90% lean, pan broiled, 3 ounces	twenty	five
Broccoli, chopped and cooked, ½ cup	12	3
Rice, white, cooked, ½ cup	10	two
Apple, 1 medium	nine	2
Carrot, raw, 1 medium	vii	ii

*DV = Daily Value. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the food contents of foods and dietary supplements inside the context of a total nutrition. The DV for magnesium is 420 mg for adults and children aged 4 years and older [11]. FDA does not crave food labels to listing magnesium content unless magnesium has been added to the food. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV too contribute to a healthful nutrition.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture'southward (USDA's) FoodData Central [10] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides comprehensive listing of foods containing magnesium bundled by food content and by food name.

Dietary supplements

Magnesium supplements are bachelor in a variety of forms, including magnesium oxide, citrate, and chloride [2,3]. The Supplement Facts panel on a dietary supplement label declares the amount of elemental magnesium in the product, not the weight of the entire magnesium-containing chemical compound.

Assimilation of magnesium from different kinds of magnesium supplements varies. Forms of magnesium that deliquesce well in liquid are more completely absorbed in the gut than less soluble forms [2,12]. Modest studies have found that magnesium in the aspartate, citrate, lactate, and chloride forms is absorbed more completely and is more bioavailable than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate [12-16]. One study found that very high doses of zinc from supplements (142 mg/solar day) can interfere with magnesium absorption and disrupt the magnesium balance in the torso [17].

Medicines

Magnesium is a primary ingredient in some laxatives [eighteen]. Phillips' Milk of Magnesia®, for example, provides 500 mg elemental magnesium (equally magnesium hydroxide) per tablespoon; the directions advise taking upwards to 4 tablespoons/day for adolescents and adults [19]. (Although such a dose of magnesium is well above the safe upper level, some of the magnesium is non absorbed because of the medication's laxative effect.) Magnesium is also included in some remedies for heartburn and upset tum due to acrid indigestion [18]. Extra-strength Rolaids®, for example, provides 55 mg elemental magnesium (equally magnesium hydroxide) per tablet [20], although Tums® is magnesium free [21].

Magnesium Intakes and Condition

Dietary surveys of people in the United states consistently testify that many people consume less than recommended amounts of magnesium. An analysis of information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 2013-2016 found that 48% of Americans of all ages ingest less magnesium from nutrient and beverages than their respective EARs; adult men aged 71 years and older and adolescent males and females are almost probable to have low intakes [22]. In a written report using information from NHANES 2003–2006 to assess mineral intakes amid adults, average intakes of magnesium from nutrient alone were college among users of dietary supplements (350 mg for men and 267 mg for women, equal to or slightly exceeding their corresponding EARs) than amongst nonusers (268 mg for men and 234 for women) [23]. When supplements were included, average total intakes of magnesium were 449 mg for men and 387 mg for women, well above EAR levels.

No current data on magnesium status in the United states of america are available. Determining dietary intake of magnesium is the usual proxy for assessing magnesium condition. NHANES has not determined serum magnesium levels in its participants since 1974 [24], and magnesium is not evaluated in routine electrolyte testing in hospitals and clinics [two].

Magnesium Deficiency

Symptomatic magnesium deficiency due to low dietary intake in otherwise-salubrious people is uncommon because the kidneys limit urinary excretion of this mineral [3]. Notwithstanding, habitually low intakes or excessive losses of magnesium due to sure wellness weather condition, chronic alcoholism, and/or the apply of sure medications tin lead to magnesium deficiency.

Early signs of magnesium deficiency include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weakness. As magnesium deficiency worsens, numbness, tingling, muscle contractions and cramps, seizures, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms, and coronary spasms tin occur [ane,ii]. Severe magnesium deficiency can upshot in hypocalcemia or hypokalemia (low serum calcium or potassium levels, respectively) because mineral homeostasis is disrupted [2].

Groups at Take chances of Magnesium Inadequacy

Magnesium inadequacy can occur when intakes fall below the RDA but are above the corporeality required to prevent overt deficiency. The post-obit groups are more likely than others to exist at risk of magnesium inadequacy because they typically consume insufficient amounts or they take medical weather condition (or take medications) that reduce magnesium absorption from the gut or increase losses from the torso.

People with gastrointestinal diseases

The chronic diarrhea and fatty malabsorption resulting from Crohn'southward illness, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease), and regional enteritis can lead to magnesium depletion over time [2]. Resection or bypass of the pocket-sized intestine, especially the ileum, typically leads to malabsorption and magnesium loss [2].

People with type 2 diabetes

Magnesium deficits and increased urinary magnesium excretion tin can occur in people with insulin resistance and/or type ii diabetes [25,26]. The magnesium loss appears to be secondary to higher concentrations of glucose in the kidney that increase urine output [2].

People with alcohol dependence

Magnesium deficiency is common in people with chronic alcoholism [ii]. In these individuals, poor dietary intake and nutritional status; gastrointestinal issues, including vomiting, diarrhea, and steatorrhea (fatty stools) resulting from pancreatitis; renal dysfunction with backlog excretion of magnesium into the urine; phosphate depletion; vitamin D deficiency; acute alcoholic ketoacidosis; and hyperaldosteronism secondary to liver disease can all contribute to decreased magnesium status [two,27].

Older adults

Older adults accept lower dietary intakes of magnesium than younger adults [21,28]. In add-on, magnesium absorption from the gut decreases and renal magnesium excretion increases with historic period [29]. Older adults are besides more than likely to have chronic diseases or take medications that alter magnesium condition, which can increase their risk of magnesium depletion [1,30].

Magnesium and Health

Habitually low intakes of magnesium induce changes in biochemical pathways that can increase the risk of illness over time. This section focuses on four diseases and disorders in which magnesium might exist involved: hypertension and cardiovascular illness, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and migraine headaches.

Hypertension and cardiovascular illness

Hypertension is a major adventure factor for heart illness and stroke. Studies to date, withal, take plant that magnesium supplementation lowers blood pressure, at best, to only a pocket-size extent. A meta-analysis of 12 clinical trials found that magnesium supplementation for 8–26 weeks in 545 hypertensive participants resulted in merely a small reduction (2.2 mmHg) in diastolic blood pressure [31]. The dose of magnesium ranged from approximately 243 to 973 mg/day. The authors of another meta-analysis of 22 studies with i,173 normotensive and hypertensive adults ended that magnesium supplementation for 3–24 weeks decreased systolic blood pressure by 3–4 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by two–iii mmHg [32]. The effects were somewhat larger when supplemental magnesium intakes of the participants in the nine crossover-design trials exceeded 370 mg/mean solar day. A nutrition containing more magnesium because of added fruits and vegetables, more than low-fatty or non-fat dairy products, and less fat overall was shown to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure by an average of 5.5 and iii.0 mmHg, respectively [33]. However, this Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (Dash) diet likewise increases intakes of other nutrients, such as potassium and calcium, that are associated with reductions in blood pressure, so any independent contribution of magnesium cannot exist determined.

In 2022, FDA canonical a qualified health claim for conventional foods and dietary supplements that comprise magnesium [34]. One example of this merits states, "Consuming diets with adequate magnesium may reduce the hazard of high blood pressure (hypertension). Nevertheless, FDA has concluded that the bear witness is inconsistent and inconclusive." FDA also specifies that foods and dietary supplements carrying this claim on their labels must provide at to the lowest degree 84 mg of magnesium per serving and, for dietary supplements, no more than 350 mg.

Several prospective studies take examined associations between magnesium intakes and heart disease. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities written report assessed heart disease risk factors and levels of serum magnesium in a accomplice of fourteen,232 white and African-American men and women aged 45 to 64 years at baseline [35]. Over an average of 12 years of follow-upwards, individuals in the highest quartile of the normal physiologic range of serum magnesium (at least 0.88 mmol/L) had a 38% reduced risk of sudden cardiac expiry compared with individuals in the lowest quartile (0.75 mmol/L or less). However, dietary magnesium intakes had no association with hazard of sudden cardiac death. Another prospective written report tracked 88,375 female nurses in the United states to determine whether serum magnesium levels measured early in the study and magnesium intakes from food and supplements assessed every 2 to 4 years were associated with sudden cardiac death over 26 years of follow-up [36]. Women in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of ingested and plasma magnesium concentrations had a 34% and 77% lower take chances of sudden cardiac decease, respectively. Another prospective population study of seven,664 adults aged 20 to 75 years in the Netherlands who did not have cardiovascular disease institute that low urinary magnesium excretion levels (a marking for low dietary magnesium intake) were associated with a college risk of ischemic eye disease over a median follow-up period of 10.5 years. Plasma magnesium concentrations were not associated with risk of ischemic heart disease [37]. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies plant that higher serum levels of magnesium were significantly associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and higher dietary magnesium intakes (upwardly to approximately 250 mg/day) were associated with a significantly lower chance of ischemic heart illness caused past a reduced blood supply to the eye muscle [38].

College magnesium intakes might reduce the risk of stroke. In a meta-analysis of 7 prospective trials with a total of 241,378 participants, an boosted 100 mg/solar day magnesium in the diet was associated with an 8% decreased take a chance of full stroke, especially ischemic rather than hemorrhagic stroke [39]. One limitation of such observational studies, all the same, is the possibility of confounding with other nutrients or dietary components that could also touch on the gamble of stroke.

A large, well-designed clinical trial is needed to better understand the contributions of magnesium from food and dietary supplements to heart health and the chief prevention of cardiovascular affliction [40].

Blazon two diabetes

Diets with higher amounts of magnesium are associated with a significantly lower take chances of diabetes, maybe because of the important role of magnesium in glucose metabolism [41,42]. Hypomagnesemia might worsen insulin resistance, a condition that oftentimes precedes diabetes, or it might exist a issue of insulin resistance [43]. Diabetes leads to increased urinary losses of magnesium, and the subsequent magnesium inadequacy might impair insulin secretion and action, thereby worsening diabetes control [iii].

Nearly investigations of magnesium intake and risk of type ii diabetes have been prospective cohort studies. A meta-analysis of 7 of these studies, which included 286,668 patients and 10,912 cases of diabetes over 6 to 17 years of follow-upwards, found that a 100 mg/day increase in full magnesium intake decreased the risk of diabetes by a statistically significant 15% [41]. Another meta-analysis of 8 prospective cohort studies that followed 271,869 men and women over 4 to eighteen years establish a pregnant inverse association between magnesium intake from nutrient and risk of type 2 diabetes; the relative risk reduction was 23% when the highest to everyman intakes were compared [44].

A 2011 meta-assay of prospective cohort studies of the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes included 13 studies with a total of 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases of diabetes [45]. The hateful length of follow-upwardly ranged from iv to 20 years. Investigators establish an inverse association between magnesium intake and take a chance of blazon 2 diabetes in a dose-responsive manner, merely this association achieved statistical significance only in individuals who were overweight (torso mass alphabetize [BMI] 25 or higher) but non in normal-weight individuals (BMI less than 25). Once again, a limitation of these observational studies is the possibility of misreckoning with other dietary components or lifestyle or environmental variables that are correlated with magnesium intake.

Only a few modest, short-term clinical trials have examined the potential effects of supplemental magnesium on command of type ii diabetes and the results are alien [42,46]. For example, 128 patients with poorly controlled diabetes in a Brazilian clinical trial received a placebo or a supplement containing either 500 mg/mean solar day or 1,000 mg/day magnesium oxide (providing 300 or 600 mg elemental magnesium, respectively) [47]. Later on 30 days of supplementation, plasma, cellular, and urine magnesium levels increased in participants receiving the larger dose of the supplement, and their glycemic command improved. In another small trial in United mexican states, participants with type two diabetes and hypomagnesemia who received a liquid supplement of magnesium chloride (providing 300 mg/day elemental magnesium) for 16 weeks showed pregnant reductions in fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations compared with participants receiving a placebo, and their serum magnesium levels became normal [48]. In contrast, neither a supplement of magnesium aspartate (providing 369 mg/solar day elemental magnesium) nor a placebo taken for three months had any effect on glycemic control in l patients with type 2 diabetes who were taking insulin [49].

The American Diabetes Clan states that there is insufficient bear witness to back up the routine employ of magnesium to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes [46]. It farther notes that at that place is no clear scientific evidence that vitamin and mineral supplementation benefits people with diabetes who exercise non have underlying nutritional deficiencies.

Osteoporosis

Magnesium is involved in os formation and influences the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts [50]. Magnesium too affects the concentrations of both parathyroid hormone and the agile course of vitamin D, which are major regulators of bone homeostasis. Several population-based studies have institute positive associations between magnesium intake and bone mineral density in both men and women [51]. Other research has found that women with osteoporosis take lower serum magnesium levels than women with osteopenia and those who do not have osteoporosis or osteopenia [52]. These and other findings indicate that magnesium deficiency might be a risk factor for osteoporosis [50].

Although limited in number, studies suggest that increasing magnesium intakes from nutrient or supplements might increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal and elderly women [1]. For example, one brusque-term study found that 290 mg/day elemental magnesium (as magnesium citrate) for 30 days in 20 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis suppressed bone turnover compared with placebo, suggesting that bone loss decreased [53].

Diets that provide recommended levels of magnesium enhance os health, only further research is needed to elucidate the role of magnesium in the prevention and direction of osteoporosis.

Migraine headaches

Magnesium deficiency is related to factors that promote headaches, including neurotransmitter release and vasoconstriction [54]. People who feel migraine headaches accept lower levels of serum and tissue magnesium than those who practice not.

However, enquiry on the employ of magnesium supplements to prevent or reduce symptoms of migraine headaches is limited. Three of four small-scale, brusque-term, placebo-controlled trials found modest reductions in the frequency of migraines in patients given upward to 600 mg/twenty-four hour period magnesium [54]. The authors of a review on migraine prophylaxis suggested that taking 300 mg magnesium twice a day, either lonely or in combination with medication, tin prevent migraines [55].

In their testify-based guideline update, the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society concluded that magnesium therapy is "probably effective" for migraine prevention [56]. Because the typical dose of magnesium used for migraine prevention exceeds the UL, this treatment should exist used only under the management and supervision of a healthcare provider.

Health Risks from Excessive Magnesium

Too much magnesium from nutrient does not pose a health risk in healthy individuals because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts in the urine [29]. However, high doses of magnesium from dietary supplements or medications often effect in diarrhea that tin be accompanied by nausea and intestinal cramping [1]. Forms of magnesium near unremarkably reported to cause diarrhea include magnesium carbonate, chloride, gluconate, and oxide [12]. The diarrhea and laxative furnishings of magnesium salts are due to the osmotic activity of unabsorbed salts in the intestine and colon and the stimulation of gastric motility [57].

Very large doses of magnesium-containing laxatives and antacids (typically providing more than than 5,000 mg/day magnesium) have been associated with magnesium toxicity [58], including fatal hypermagnesemia in a 28-calendar month-old male child [59] and an elderly human being [lx]. Symptoms of magnesium toxicity, which usually develop after serum concentrations exceed 1.74–2.61 mmol/L, can include hypotension, nausea, airsickness, facial flushing, retention of urine, ileus, depression, and languor earlier progressing to muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, farthermost hypotension, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest [29]. The risk of magnesium toxicity increases with dumb renal function or kidney failure because the ability to remove excess magnesium is reduced or lost [1,29].

The FNB has established ULs for supplemental magnesium for healthy infants, children, and adults (run into Table three) [1]. For many age groups, the UL appears to be lower than the RDA. This occurs because the RDAs include magnesium from all sources—food, beverages, dietary supplements, and medications. The ULs include magnesium from just dietary supplements and medications; they do not include magnesium constitute naturally in food and beverages.

Table 3: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for Supplemental Magnesium [one]
Age	Male	Female person	Pregnant	Lactating
Birth to 12 months	None established	None established
ane–3 years	65 mg	65 mg
4–viii years	110 mg	110 mg
9–18 years	350 mg	350 mg	350 mg	350 mg
19+ years	350 mg	350 mg	350 mg	350 mg

Interactions with Medications

Several types of medications have the potential to interact with magnesium supplements or affect magnesium status. A few examples are provided below. People taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their magnesium intakes with their healthcare providers.

Bisphosphonates

Magnesium-rich supplements or medications can decrease the assimilation of oral bisphosphonates, such equally alendronate (Fosamax®), used to care for osteoporosis [61]. Utilize of magnesium-rich supplements or medications and oral bisphosphonates should exist separated by at to the lowest degree 2 hours [57].

Antibiotics

Magnesium can form insoluble complexes with tetracyclines, such as demeclocycline (Declomycin®) and doxycycline (Vibramycin®), likewise every bit quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro®) and levofloxacin (Levaquin®). These antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before or four–6 hours after a magnesium-containing supplement [57,62].

Diuretics

Chronic treatment with loop diuretics, such as furosemide (Lasix®) and bumetanide (Bumex®), and thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide (Aquazide H®) and ethacrynic acrid (Edecrin®), can increase the loss of magnesium in urine and lead to magnesium depletion [63]. In contrast, potassium-sparing diuretics, such as amiloride (Midamor®) and spironolactone (Aldactone®), reduce magnesium excretion [63].

Proton pump inhibitors

Prescription proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs, such as esomeprazole magnesium (Nexium®) and lansoprazole (Prevacid®), when taken for prolonged periods (typically more than a year) can cause hypomagnesemia [64]. In cases that FDA reviewed, magnesium supplements often raised the low serum magnesium levels acquired by PPIs. However, in 25% of the cases, supplements did not raise magnesium levels and the patients had to discontinue the PPI. FDA advises healthcare professionals to consider measuring patients' serum magnesium levels prior to initiating long-term PPI handling and to bank check magnesium levels in these patients periodically [64].

Magnesium and Healthful Diets

The federal authorities'southward 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. ... In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when information technology is non possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.thou., during specific life stages such as pregnancy)."

For more information almost building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture'south MyPlate.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as ane that:

Includes a variety of vegetables; fruits; grains (at least one-half whole grains); fat-free and low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; and oils.

Whole grains and nighttime-dark-green, leafy vegetables are skilful sources of magnesium. Low-fat milk and yogurt contain magnesium as well. Some ready-to-eat breakfast cereals are fortified with magnesium.
Includes a multifariousness of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products.

Dried beans and legumes (such as soybeans, broiled beans, lentils, and peanuts) and nuts (such every bit almonds and cashews) provide magnesium.
Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fatty, and sodium.

Limits alcoholic beverages.

Stays inside your daily calorie needs.

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This fact canvass by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical communication. Nosotros encourage you lot to talk to your healthcare providers (dr., registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) nearly your involvement in, questions nearly, or use of dietary supplements and what may exist best for your overall health. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or good advice.